CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION.
The scope of Islamic teachings includes three main things, namely: Aqidah, Worship, and Muamalah. Aqidah in the narrow sense is a bond, namely the bond between humans and what they believe in.
Meanwhile, sharia contains rules and regulations that regulate activities that should be carried out. Sharia is a value system which is the core of Islamic teachings. In the Syriat there is a vertical regulation of human relationships with Allah. In this context, the Shari'a contains provisions regarding the procedures for human worship with God. This relationship between humans and Allah is called mahdhah worship or special worship.
Besides that, there is sharia which regulates human relations horizontally, namely: relations between humans and other creatures. Which is called muamalah. The existence of this muamalah subsystem proves that Islam does not abandon world affairs and does not even separate world affairs from the afterlife. This horizontal relationship is also called ghair mahdhah worship or public worship because of its general nature and does not specify the type and type.
BAB II
PROBLEMS
It is believed that the presence of the Islamic religion brought by the Prophet Muhammad SAW can guarantee the realization of a prosperous human life physically and mentally. Religious instructions regarding various human lives, as contained in the sources of its teachings, the Koran and Hadith, appear very ideal and sublime. Islam teaches a dynamic and progressive life, respecting the mind through the development of science and technology, being balanced in meeting material and spiritual needs, always developing social awareness, respecting time, being open, democratic, quality-oriented, egalitarian, partnership, anti- feudalistic, loves cleanliness, prioritizes brotherhood, has noble character and other positive attitudes.
According to Fazlur Rahman, the basic teachings of the Koran are explicitly moral which emphasizes monotheism and social justice, which can be seen for example in the teachings about worship which are full of the content of increasing faith, devotion which is manifested in noble morals.
The value of a knowledge is determined by the content of that knowledge. The greater the value of the benefits, the more important the knowledge is to learn. The most important knowledge is knowledge that introduces us to Allah SWT, the Creator. So people who do not know Allah SWT are stupid, because there is no person more stupid than someone who does not know their creator.
God created man with the most beautiful and complete form compared to other creatures/creations. Then God guided them by sending His Messengers (according to the hadith narrated by Abu Dzar that the number of Prophets was 124,000 people, but the actual number only God knows), all of them called for monotheism (narrated by Al Bukhari in At Tarikhul Kabir 5 /447 and Ahmad in Al Musnad 5/178-179). While from the path of the companion of Abu Umamah it is mentioned that the number of Messengers is 313 (narrated by Ibnu Hibban in Al Maurid 2085 and Ath-Thabrani in Al Mu'jamul Kabir 8/139) so that they walk in accordance with the will of the Creator through the revelation brought by the Messenger . Those who accept it are called believers, those who reject it are called infidels and those who doubt are called hypocrites which are part of disbelief.
This aqidah is so important, that the Prophet Muhammad, the last of the Prophets and Apostles, guided his people for 13 years while in Mecca by emphasizing the issue of this aqidah, because the aqidah is the foundation of all actions, and is even the foundation of the building of Islam. Therefore, the preachers and religious straighteners at all times have always started their preaching with monotheism and the straightening of the aqeedah.
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
Shari'ah is a term for the principles of the teachings of Allah and His Messenger which is the way or guidelines for human life in making a vertical relationship with the Creator, Allah SWT, and also with fellow human beings.
There are two approaches in defining Sharia, namely:
· In terms of objectives, Sharia has the meaning of teachings that maintain human honor as the noblest creatures by maintaining or guaranteeing five important things, namely:
1. Guarantee religious freedom (belief in the Almighty God)
2. Guaranteeing a decent life (preserving the soul)
3. Ensuring the survival of the family (taking care of descendants)
4. Guarantee freedom of thought (maintain reason)
5. Guaranteeing life with the availability of suitable employment opportunities (maintaining assets)
The five preservation matters will be a measure of the five Islamic laws, such as obligatory, sunnat, haram, makruh, and mubah.
WORSHIP
Below is the meaning of Worship, according to Ustadz Yazid bin Abdul Qadir Jawas:
Worship linguistically (etymologically) means to humble oneself and submit. Meanwhile, according to syara' (terminology), worship has many definitions, but the meaning and intent is one. These definitions include:
[1]. Worship is obeying God by carrying out His commands through the mouth of His Messengers.
[2]. Worship is to humble oneself to Allah Azza wa Jalla, which is the highest level of submission accompanied by the highest sense of mahabbah (love).
[3]. Worship is a term that includes everything that Allah Azza wa Jalla loves and pleases, whether in the form of words or deeds, spiritual or spiritual. This third is the most complete definition.
Worship is the purpose of human creation. God said:
"Meaning: And I did not create jinn and humans except so that they worship Me. I do not want any provision from them and I do not want them to feed Me. Verily Allah is the Giver of sustenance Who has strength and is very strong." [Adz-Dzaariyaat: 56-58.
In our daily lives, it is important for us to remember the two principles above. Worship cannot be done at will because all provisions and rules have been established in the Qur'an and Sunnah, as well as examples and procedures taught by the Prophet SAW during his lifetime. Doing something in worship, which is not mentioned in the Qur'an and Sunnah means doing something that was not commanded by Allah SWT, and this is really a deviant act.
Muamalah
In terms of language, muamalah comes from the words aamala, yuamilu, muamalat which means treatment or action towards other people, relationships of interest. Words like this are active verbs which must have two actors, one of whom is doing active work for the other, so that the two actors suffer from each other.
The definition of Muamalah in terms of terms can be interpreted with a broad meaning and can also be interpreted with a narrow meaning. Below are several definitions of muamlah;
According to Louis Ma'luf, the meaning of muamalah is sharia laws relating to world affairs and human life, such as buying and selling, trade, and so on. Meanwhile, according to Ahmad Ibrahim Bek, stating that muamalah are regulations regarding everything related to world affairs, such as trade and everything regarding material things, marriage, talak, sanctions, justice and those related to office management, both general and specific, which have been the basics are determined generally or globally and in detail to serve as a guide for humans in exchanging benefits between themselves.
Meanwhile, in the narrow sense, the meaning of muamalah is that muamalah is all transactions or agreements carried out by humans in terms of exchange or in terms of debts and receivables.
Allah SWT said in Surah Al Baqarah Verse 280 which reads
Meaning: And if (the debtor) is in difficulty, then give him a reprieve until he is able to afford it. And giving charity (part or all of the debt) is better for you, if you know.
From the various meanings of muamalah, it is understood that muamalah is all the rules that govern the relationship between fellow human beings, both those of the same religion and those who are not of the same religion, between humans and their lives, and between humans and the surrounding environment. And Allah SWT also commands humans to interact and muamalah by spreading on the face of the earth to seek Allah's sustenance. As Allah SWT said in Surat Al Jumah verse 10 which reads:
It means: When the prayer has been performed, then you are scattered on the face of the earth; and seek God's bounty and remember God a lot so that you will be successful.
v SALAT
Salat is one of the acts of worship that upholds the Islamic religion. Prayer in Islam has a very important position for people who have piety to Allah SWT. The main goal of Salat is for people who do it to always remember Allah SWT at all times. So that people are always vigilant against all heinous and evil deeds that will plunge them into the valley of misery in this world and the hereafter. As the Word of Allah SWT. Surat Thaha: 14.
Meaning: Verily I am Allah, there is no (righteous) God but me, so worship Me and establish prayer to remember Me. (QS. Thaha: 14)
Someone who always remembers Allah SWT, will always perform Salat, because he obeys His command, then Allah will shower His mercy. As His words: Meaning: And Establish prayer, pay zakat, and obey the messenger, so that you will be given mercy. (QS. An-Nur: 56)
Understanding Prayer
According to lughat, Salat comes from the Arabic language which means "do'a" (a good request to God) and "surrender".
According to istilakhi, Salat is a specific act of worship that consists of several words and actions that begin with takbirotul ikhrom and end with nature, with conditions and pillars that have been determined.
Prayer is a basic practice that has more value compared to other forms of worship. It is also a tool that is a benchmark for human deeds and is a differentiator between believers and unbelievers. And prayer is also an effective medium for communicating between humans and Allah. For this reason, prayer has a very important position in Islam.
Prayers can be grouped into two groups, namely:
1. Mandatory prayer: A prayer that must be performed by every Muslim who has converted (Islam, puberty and is of sound mind) in any situation day and night 5 times or commonly called maktubah.
2. Sunnah prayer: A prayer that is recommended to perform, but if you leave it without sin, this prayer is commonly called nawafil prayer. Among them are Rowatib sunnah prayer, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Istiqo' prayer, Istikharah prayer, Tahiyatul mosque prayer, Eclipse prayer, Witr prayer and so on.
Prayer position
1. Prayer is a pillar of religion, as the Messenger of Allah said. Meaning: Prayer is a pillar of religion, whoever establishes prayer means upholding religion, whoever abandons it means he has destroyed religion. (HR. Baihaqi)
This hadith shows how important the position of prayer is, every Muslim who performs prayer destroys his religion. Therefore, we as Muslims must always pay attention to prayer as best as possible. Performing prayers properly and correctly so that Islam remains strong and stands tall.
2. Prayer is worship ordered directly from Allah SWT to the Prophet Muhammad SAW without intermediaries. This order occurred during the Isro' Mi'roj incident.
3. Prayer is an act of worship that will be held accountable for the first time in the afterlife. As the hadith of the prophet: Meaning: The first thing counted from a person's deeds on the Day of Judgment is Salat. If his prayer is good, then all his deeds are good, and if his prayer is broken, then all his deeds are broken. (HR. Tabrani from Umar)
4. Prayer becomes a benchmark for human actions. If a person's prayers are good, in the true sense of the conditions and pillars and on time, then those prayers will influence his behavior in everyday life. As the hadith above.
5. Prayer is the difference between believers and unbelievers, as the Prophet SAW said: Meaning: The difference between a believer and an unbeliever is abandoning prayer. (HR. Ahmad and Muslim)
6. Prayer is the second pillar of Islam. Islam has 5 pillars, all five are one complete unit and cannot be separated from one another, they all unite and support each other, while prayer is the second joint of these 5 pillars.
Wisdom of Prayer
The wisdom of prayer for human life is as follows:
1. Get into the habit of living a clean life, before praying you must be clean from hadats and uncleanness. Both body, clothes and place. As in the hadith of the Prophet SAW.
Meaning: Cleanliness is part of faith. (HR. Muslim)
2. Create a healthy life, including: improving blood circulation from the heart to the entire body, correcting poor fetal position, healing the spine and so on.
3. Practice discipline, prayers must be on time. As Allah says QS. An-Nisa: 103. Meaning: In fact, prayer is a fardhu that is determined by the time. (QS. An-Nisa': 103)
4. Preventing heinous and evil acts. (QS. Al-Ankabut: 45)
It means: . . Indeed, prayer prevents from (deeds) abominable and evil. . .
5. Calm the mind (QS. Toha: 14 and Ar-Rakdu: 28)
Meaning: Verily I am Allah, there is no (righteous) God but me, so worship Me and establish prayer to remember Me. (QS. Toha: 14)
6. Training patience (QS. Luqman: 17)
Meaning: O my son, establish prayer and order (people) to do good and prevent (them) from doing evil and be patient with what befalls you.
7. Increase brotherhood ties. As the hadith of the Prophet:
Meaning: Believers and other believers are like a building, some parts strengthen other parts. (HR. Buchari and Muslim)
8. Educate people to trust, obey and obey the leader who gives command.
9. Becomes a cover for small sins, as long as big sins are not committed.
v Fasting
Fasting comes from the Arabic word saum which means giving up something or refraining from something. Meanwhile, according to the term, saum is refraining from something that breaks the fast from sunrise to sunset accompanied by the intention to fast. The wisdom is as follows:
1. A sign of gratitude to Allah, because all worship contains the meaning of gratitude to Allah as He says. Meaning: If you counted Allah's blessings (gifts) to you, you would certainly not be able to count them. (QS. Ibrahim: 34)
2. Practice discipline. Fasting is a means of trying to control oneself from greed, eating according to the specified time and not speaking at will.
3. Formation of noble character. Fasting is a means of education and training in order to become Muslim men and women who are able to familiarize themselves with commendable behavior. As the words of the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, which means: "When you fast, do not speak dirty words and shout saying: I am fasting for the sake of God in whose power Muhammad is, indeed the smell of the mouth of a fasting person is more fragrant in the sight of God than the smell of oil musk, the fasting person will get two joys, when breaking the fast and when meeting his Lord. (HR. Bukhari and Muslim)
4. Development of social values. Encouraging those who are fasting especially from the wealthy to provide assistance to the poor, orphans and abandoned children. The hunger pangs felt by the wealthy while fasting will encourage them to give zakat, infaq and sadakah to help their brothers and sisters who are suffering. According to the words of Allah in Surat Al-Baqarah: 261. Meaning: The parable (of the livelihood provided by) those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah[166] is similar to a grain of seed that grows seven grains, on each grain a hundred seeds. Allah multiplies (the reward) for whom He wills. and Allah is All-Wide (His bounty) and All-Knowing. (QS. Al-Baqarah: 261)
5. Maintain health. According to research by doctors, fasting means emptying the stomach of accumulated food. This is useful for emptying the stomach and resting the digestive muscles so that they can concentrate more perfectly, which in turn makes the body healthy. As Rasulullah SAW said, which means: "Fast, then you will be healthy". (HR, Abu DawuD0
6. Training patience, the act of fasting is an act of worship that requires patience in its implementation. People who do not have patience will not be able to fast. Rasulullah SAW said: It means: "Fasting is half patience". (HR. Ibnu Majah and Abu Hurairah) People who practice fasting are trained to be able to have patience, namely: a) patience in obeying God's commands, b) patience in controlling oneself from committing sins, and c) patience in facing suffering As the words of SWT: Meaning: And as for those who fear the greatness of their Lord and restrain themselves from the desires of their lusts. So verily heaven is his abode. (QS. An-Nazi'at: 40-41)
7. Eliminate sin. Fasting will be able to remove sins, as the prophet hadith:
Meaning: Whoever observes the Ramadan fast with full faith and goodness, his past sins will be forgiven. (HR. Bukhari Muslim)
v Zakat
Zakat comes from the word zaka which means: holy, clean, growing and praiseworthy.
According to the terminology of jurisprudence: Zakat is a certain amount of wealth that God is obliged to hand over to those who are entitled to receive it, under certain conditions. The wisdom of zakat is as follows:
1. Helping weak people and people in need so that they can fulfill their obligations towards Allah and towards Allah's creatures (society).
2. Purify yourself from miserliness and reprehensible morals, as well as educate yourself to be noble and generous by making it a habit to pay trust to people who are entitled and interested. As God says:
Meaning: Take zakat from some of their wealth, with that zakat you cleanse them and erase their mistakes. (QS. At-Taubah: 103)
3. As a manifestation of gratitude and gratitude for the blessings of wealth given to him. It is no longer valid that gratitude shown by those who give to those who give is the most important obligation according to the meaning of politeness.
4. In order to take care of the evils that will arise from the poor and from the difficult. How much we see for ourselves every day how great the struggle of life is, how many good people still become big criminals, and then destroy the society, the nation and the country. As Allah SWT said: Meaning: Never let those who are stingy with the wealth that God has given them from His bounty think that being stingy is good for them. In fact, that miserliness is bad for them. (QS. Ali Imron: 180)
5. To bring closer the relationship of affection and love between the poor and the rich. This close relationship will produce some goodness and progress, as well as be beneficial for both groups and the general public.
vHaji
According to language, Hajj is going to a place repeatedly, to a place that is glorified or in the environment. What is glorified and sacred by Muslims is the different Baitullah in the city of Makah.
According to the term, Hajj is deliberately visiting the Baitullah and other glorified places with the intention of carrying out worship in certain ways, conditions and at certain times, in accordance with the guidance of the Prophet Muhammad.
• The time for the Hajj pilgrimage is 1 Shawwal to 9 Dzulhijah.
• The places for the Hajj pilgrimage are the cities of Makah and Medina (kharomain).
• The law for carrying out the Hajj pilgrimage is fardhu 'ain for Muslims who are able, for the first time, also for nadzar, while the second time and so on is punished by sunnah. As Allah says: Meaning: Carrying out the Hajj is a human obligation towards Allah for those who are able to travel to Baitullah. And whoever denies (the obligation of Hajj) then indeed Allah is the Richest in the worlds. (QS. Ali Imron: 98)
The wisdom of Hajj is:
1. Increase faith and piety to Allah SWT. There are many Hajj and Umrah activities that can increase faith and devotion to Allah SWT, such as Wukuf, Towah and Sha'i.
2. Strengthen Islamic brotherhood. During the Hajj pilgrimage you will meet Muslims from various countries who are present so you can increase your friendship.
3. Develop an attitude of willingness to make sacrifices. During the Hajj pilgrimage, you are taught to develop a willingness to sacrifice, whether in wealth, energy, mind or soul, to achieve the pleasure of Allah SWT.
4. Develop a sense of equality of degrees. In the implementation of Hajj, it is mandatory to wear ihrom, the ihrom clothes show the equality of degrees between the human race.
5. Show gratitude to Allah for the blessings He has given you.
6. Increase knowledge and experience, because you know historical places that are very famous in the world.
7. To be the ultimate forum of the world's Muslims, every year. In the Hajj, Muslims gather from various parts of the world, so it is a great summit activity as a forum for communication and exchange of information.
8. Practice discipline. During the Hajj pilgrimage you are always accustomed to complying with various rules of what must be done and what must not be done so that the Hajj pilgrims get used to maintaining discipline.
Fundamentals of Islamic Law of Inheritance
Ijbari Principle Etymologically, the word ijbari contains the meaning of compulsion, namely doing something against one's own will. In terms of inheritance law, it means the transfer of assets of someone who has died to someone who is still alive automatically, meaning that without any legal action or statement of will from the heir, even the heir (during his lifetime) cannot refuse or prevent the transition from occurring.
Individual principle, where inherited assets can be divided among heirs according to their respective shares, except in the case of inherited assets in the form of land of less than 2 ha (Article 189 KHI in conjunction with Article 89 Law Number 56/Prp/1960 concerning Determination of Agricultural Land) and in the event that the heirs agree not to divide the inheritance but form a joint business in which each has shares according to their portion of the inheritance.
The principle of balanced justice, where the ratio of men's share to women's share is 2:1, except in certain circumstances. The difference between men and women is because men's obligations and women's obligations in the household are different. The man as the head of the household has the obligation to support his wife and children, while the wife as a housewife has no obligation to provide for her family members except for the children if the husband does not have the ability to do so. Regarding the men's share being twice the women's share, it can be distorted if the heirs agree to divide the men's and women's shares equally after they know their respective shares according to the law.
The principle of inheritance by death means that the transfer of material and immaterial rights from a person to his relatives by way of inheritance takes effect after the person dies.
The basis of blood relations
namely blood relationship due to legal marriage, subhat marriage and on the acknowledgment of the child (the basis of Islamic jurisprudence).
The basis of obligatory wills,
This means that the adopted child and the adoptive father can reciprocally make wills regarding their respective assets. If there is no will from the adopted child to the adoptive father or vice versa, then the adoptive father and/or adopted child can be given a mandatory will by the Religious Court or Sharia Court. Yes, ex officio, a maximum of 1/3 of the inheritance (Article 209 KHI).
Egalitarian principle, meaning that relatives by blood relationship who embrace a religion other than Islam receive a mandatory will of a maximum of 1/3 of the share, and cannot exceed the share of heirs who are equal to them (Jurisprudence).
Limited Retroactive Basis, KHI does not apply retroactively in the sense that if the inheritance has been divided in real terms (not just a division on paper) before KHI comes into effect, then families who have a blood relationship because of a successor heir cannot file an inheritance claim. If the inheritance property has not been divided in real terms, then in the case of heirs whose heirs died before the KHI was born, the KHI can automatically be regressed.
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
1. Worship linguistically (etymologically) means to humble oneself and submit. Meanwhile, according to syara' (terminology), worship is a term that includes everything that is loved and pleased by Allah Azza wa Jalla, whether in the form of words or deeds, spiritual or spiritual.
2. Muamalah are syariah laws related to world affairs, and human life, such as buying and selling, trade, and so on
3. Understanding Morals Etymologically. According to the etymological approach, the word "morals" comes from the Arabic plural from the mufrad form "Khuluqun" which according to dialect means: manners, temperament, behavior or character.
4. Aqidah is the foundation of Islam which is inseparable from other Islamic teachings: ethics, worship and Muamalat. A strong faith will lead to true worship, praiseworthy morals and good deeds. Apart from being a foundation, the relationship between aqidah and other Islamic teachings can also be reciprocal and symbiotic. That is, obedience to performing worship, having good manners, and having a good prayer will preserve the faith.
5. If aqidah is owned and worship is carried out by humans, then these two things must be carried out as well as possible, therefore there is a need for regulations that regulate all of this. The rule is called Muamalah. Muamalah are all Islamic rules that regulate relationships between human beings. Muamalah is said to be running well if it has had a good social impact. To be able to realize a strong aqidah, namely with the correct way of worship and also good muamalah, it is necessary to have something
B. Saran
Based on the discussion and conclusion, the author gives a suggestion that Al Quran and Sunnah are two principles, guidance and guidelines for life and as the main source for Muslims to be used as an analytical guide in studying every problem that arises in life. Therefore it is important for Muslims to continue to hold fast to Al Quran and As Sunnah and to understand the meanings contained in Al Quran and As Sunnah. And with the Qur'an and As-sunnah can also strengthen Aqidah, Ibadah, Muamalah and Morals of mankind.
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